Most camera's nowadays have auto settings that are pretty good, and they usually also have more specific settings that allow you to tailor. Definitely play those settings ( like indoor, outdoor, landscape, portrait, etc...) If you want to go more manual, the camera will still usually tell you what will work and what won't. Beyond that, it's just figuring out what you like and what looks good. Practice is everything.
For white balance, find an object that is white and take a picture of it. If it looks white, your balance is correct for that light. If it looks greyish or yellow, you need to adjust your balance up or down.
What it really comes down to is just getting out there and taking pictures. With the complexity and diversity of cameras and each brand and model having different settings, your best bet is probably finding a good book that is written specifically for your camera or taking a class. Sometimes you can find good info on your specific camera on youtube. Or just to get out there with your camera and start taking pictures. Mess with the settings and buttons until you figure out what does what. Trial and error is a great teacher.